The study claimed that particulate matter could induce oxidative damage and inflammation, which might affect bone health, particularly among those above the age of 40.

Orthopaedic surgeon Dr Prashant Veer said, “The study states people living in areas with high pollution levels are at more risk of developing brittle bones. The more exposure to higher levels of PM2.5 and black carbon which is a component of air pollution from automotive emissions, the lower the levels of parathyroid hormone, a crucial calcium and bone-related hormone.”

Parathyroid hormone was useful for reabsorbing and rebuilding bone tissue over time. The particulate matter stopped the same from building.

The study was conducted over a period of eight years and the results showed that people in urban areas would suffer from brittle bones, just as much as people in low income areas, as exposure to particulate matter and vehicular pollution was high.

The study also said that increased air pollution could cause osteoporosis which was incurable. Orthopaedist Dr Ratna Gopal said, “Many people won’t realise that they are affected until after a fracture which can happen with the slightest movement once the bones get weak. It can happen by quick movement or even a hug and the only treatment that could ease the pain is a healthy diet.”

Doctors asked citizens to frequently conduct checks and ensure that their bone density was healthy. “If there is a family history of osteoporosis, one should get oneself checked. One should ensure one gets enough Vitamin D and calcium and should exercise well.”