Dangerously high levels of pollution can also cause cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. “Thus, it is important that each one of us take steps to stay healthy,” said Dr. S.S. Agarwal, national president of the Indian Medical Association (IMA).

He added that the poor air quality in Delhi was a matter of concern for the medical fraternity.

“Even when the odd-even rule is not in effect, it is important that people continue to carpool and use public transport. Proper disposal of waste is also essential,” said Dr. Agarwal.

Doctors said that people at high risk included those with existing lifestyle diseases, children, and the elderly. This group must not stay in densely polluted areas for a long period, wear masks, and avoid engaging in strenuous outdoor activities.

Research indicates that a decrease in the concentration of the fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) by 10 micrograms per cubic meter is associated with an increased life expectancy of 0.77 year and 15 per cent of the overall increase in life expectancy.

Air pollution is also associated with adverse effects on lung development and decreased lung function in children.

“In children with and without asthma, improvements in air quality (decreased levels of nitrogen dioxide and particular matter) is associated with improvements in both forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity between ages 11 and 15.There is a known correlation between levels of air pollution and lung disease, but the association between air pollution and asthma is less clear,’’ said a release issued by the Association.

Air pollution is also associated with adverse effects on lung development, decreased lung function in children