For the city’s more than 16.8 million residents, 1 January marks the beginning of the most draconian measures aimed at reducing the number of exhaust-belching automobiles in the world’s most polluted metropolitan area. They also have to contend with fines for open-air burning of waste, and a ban on bigger diesel-engine vehicles, while more steps including increasing the penalty on cars found with tailpipe emissions exceeding limits are under consideration.

Together, they mark the most concerted efforts by the government to address popular discontent triggered by pollution levels that were well above safe limits for the past more than a month. New Delhi also joins Beijing as capitals of the two most populous nations now struggling to control runaway pollution brought on by decades of economic growth and lax environmental laws.

“Delhi is hell on Earth,” said Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, a New Delhi-based political analyst. “It will be very difficult to enforce these measures but if it is even partly successful and instills some fear in people, it will make a difference and could also set an example for other cities.”

Most polluted

The haze in New Delhi this winter is not new. The city was the world’s most polluted measured by PM2.5—tiny, toxic particles that lead to respiratory diseases—with an annual average of 153 micrograms per cubic meter, according to a 2014 World Health Organization database. A reading of 25 or lower is considered safe. PM2.5 levels crossed about 23 times the safe limit in the past month or so.

The action initiated is having an impact on residents as well as manufacturers. Supreme Court this month banned the registrations of diesel-engine vehicles of 2 liters or more. That sent shares of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd, the country’s biggest SUV maker, down the most in more than three months on the day the court gave its order.

While Mahindra said it will abide by the court’s decision and develop vehicles that comply with stipulations, India’s biggest commercial vehicle maker Tata Motors Ltd said in the long term, regulation needs to focus on overall emissions- control roadmap rather than on any specific fuel or technology.

For now carmakers may look at their production, inventory and marketing of specific products, and customers are likely to shift away from diesel “given the perceived uncertainties,” said Kumar Kandaswami, senior director at Deloitte in India.

Long-term plans

The city will need to consider longer-term steps such as introduction of car parking permits, according to Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director of research at advocacy group Centre for Science and Environment. “The moment you price things properly, behavior is going to change,” she said.

There are other longer term plans in the works including shutting down two coal-based power plants in the city. While the Delhi government owns the 135-megawatt Rajghat plant, it will need to negotiate with the federal government-controlled power producer NTPC Ltd to close the 705-MW Badarpur plant.

China may hold a lesson on how difficult it is to tackle air pollution that traces its roots to entrenched problems. Like India, power plants in northern China, where the most severe smog persists, run on coal and provide electricity for smoke- billowing factories driving the country’s three decades of breakneck growth. A surge in car ownership in major Chinese cities in the past decade exacerbated the pollution.

Even though Beijing’s smog gained global attention during the 2008 Summer Olympics, with athletes captured on world media donning face masks as they disembarked from their flights, the successive years of campaigns to clean up the air has failed to prevent the city from enduring two severe bouts of choking smog in just the past month alone.

Execution key

In India, however, the test is in the execution. The Delhi government describes the odd-even license-plate restriction as an experiment that will run for 15 days to gauge its efficacy. Those who leave their cars at home and take the metro rail network, which carries more than 2.4 million people on average daily, will test its capacity.

Some residents like Anita Rastogi, 49, a partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers India, say using the metro rail will increase the time it takes to reach meetings that she needs to attend in different parts of the city.

Lack of a robust and safe public transport system, last mile connectivity, adequate monitoring systems and citizen awareness are key challenges, according to Hem Dholakia, research associate at Council on Energy, Environment & Water.

“The pollution experiment is likely to spread to other Indian cities,” said Damandeep Singh, director of CDP India, part of an international organization that tracks environmental sustainability of companies. “No one wants to live coughing and wear masks. Clean air starts with people and they have to get involved.” Bloomberg