"Pollutant concentrations in terms of respirable particulate matter (RSPM), including heavy metal (traces) nickel, in urban atmosphere of Lucknow has been found to be two to three times higher than national standards, while on the other hand, concentration of gaseous pollutants sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (SO2 & NOx) were well below the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) at all the locations," said the study report.

Talking to TOI, Dr Shyamal Chandra Barman head of environment monitoring division of IITR said, "continuous rise of population and growing urban activities, along with lack of suitable measures for air pollution control, are primary reasons for increase in air pollution."

He said "densely populated areas leave hardly any space in the city for air to circulate. Air pollution is caused by construction activities which contribute fine particles to the air. Diesel operated automobiles and metals used in making batteries like lead and nickel don't get dispersed in the air, raising the level of pollution."

"Contrarily, gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx have not increased because of technological upgrading and scientific knowhow to control them. Most vehicles are now fitted with scrubbers and eco-friendly devices," he added.

The assessment of ambient air quality in the city was carried out in Aliganj, Vikasnagar, Indiranagar, Gomtinagar, Charbagh, Alambagh, Aminabad, Chowk and Amausi, during April-May 2014 with respect to RSPM, SO2 and NOx." All locations recorded air pollution levels higher than prescribed national standards.

Ssenior cardiovascular surgeon at SGPGI Dr Nirmal Gupta said "Presence of lead and nickel will severely affect pregnant women, children and patients of asthma and cardiovascular problems and may even lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Chances of lung cancer rise with increase in air pollution."